World Religion Christianity the Most Widespread Religion...

All over the world, there are many people who believe in something or someone of a higher power. There are about five billion people who believe in a higher power (Tiemann 526). There are six world religions that have followers all around the world. The six world religions are Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confucianism. Many of these religions are monotheistic, which is the belief of only one god or one higher power. There are also polytheistic believers, which is the belief in many or more than one god. These six world religions have a lot in common and they also have their differences that make their certain religion or belief special to them. Christianity is the most widespread religion in the world with two†¦show more content†¦Muhammad is a prophet of God. The book that Muslims read is called the Qur’an and Muslims believed it to be the word of their God, Allah. This religion is also an example of monotheism. One of the practices that believers of this religion do is ritual prayers which they pray five times a day. There are five pillars Muslims do to prove that they are true believers. They must recognize Allah as the one true God and Muhammad as God’s messenger, practice ritual prayers, give to the poor, fast during the month of Ramadan and make a pilgrimage to the Mecca (Alkouatli 72-82). The actual word for making a pilgrimage to the Mecca is called the hajj. The hajj is made over five days in the twelfth month of the Islamic lunar calendar. They are required to make the pilgrimage at least once in their life if they are physically and materially able to do so. The Ka’bah is a cube shap ed structure made of stone which is known as God’s house (Islam Orgins). When Muslims perform their ritual prayer, they must pray in the director of the cube where ever they are in the world. Another world religion is Judaism. This religion is a predominately practice in Israel with about fifteen million followers. This religion makes up the majority of the population in Israel. Judaism is the oldest monotheistic religion and it influenced both Christianity and Islam religions (Wool 9). The sacred texts the Jews read are called the Torah, Tanakh, andShow MoreRelatedChristianity And The Rise Of Christianity1395 Words   |  6 PagesChristianity is the historical religion stemming from the teachings of Jesus Christ in the 1st century AD. â€Å"Of all the great religions Christianity is the most widespread and has the largest number of adherents.† It is the world’s largest and most influential religion in history. Christianity can be found on every corner of the globe with nearly two billion followers at the beginning of the 21st century. It is the predominant religion in Europe, the Americas, and Southern Africa. 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Exchange Rate Policies In Developing Countries Free Essays

string(87) " challenging for finding a lasting solution for the monetary exchange these countries\." The monetary exchange in most developing countries is unstable due to the high level of inflation and weak currencies. The monetary policy of a country usually is affected by its monetary exchange rate. A country can attempt to engage on a reductive or expansionary monetary policy depending on the amount of money that is actually in circulation. We will write a custom essay sample on Exchange Rate Policies In Developing Countries or any similar topic only for you Order Now A country with more amount of money in circulation with increasing inflationary rate tends to adopt a reductive monetary policy where bank interest rate is increased and expenditure on capital infrastructural goods is limited. On the other hand, an expansionary monetary policy encourages the increase in money supply to the economy by reducing interest and bank lending rate, and engaging more in capital expenditures. No matter the monetary policy embarked on by a government, this goes to influence the monetary exchange rate of such country. According to Svensson (2000) the significance of exchange rate on a country’s monetary policy lies in the additional channel that exchange rate provides for the transmission of monetary policy. Secondly, the exchange rate involve a forward looking variable in which case it provides valuable information in the designing and implementation of monetary policy. Thirdly, monetary policy is enhanced through foreign shocks that are mainly propagated thoroughly in exchange rate. A country can utilize either a fixed monetary exchange rate or a flexible exchange rate, depending on the supply rate of money and the monetary independence it choose to stick with. In a developing country, with weak institutions, the exchange rates of such countries are determined by relaying in comparative measure with currencies from other strong and stable economies. Thus, it is difficult for these developing countries to operate flexible exchange rates. As a flexible exchange rate requires that solid financial structure is laid, and consolidated, fiscal and monetary policy institutions are in place. Developing countries engages in fixed rate to operate its exchange rate. In operating, a fixed rate for monetary exchange entails that the country’s central financial institution, i. . the Central Bank buy and sell the domestic currency at a given rate. Furthermore, the viability of such monetary operation is entirely tied to the country’s level of international reserves held by its authorities. ECONOMICS INDEXES ASSOCIATED WITH A DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Most developing countries are consumers’ society with little production. Most revenue and means for generating foreign exchange for this category of country are on primary goods in form of exploration of natural resources and agricultural activities. Agrarian economies and exploration of primary products are mainly source for generating foreign exchange in developing countries. In other words, the economies of most developing countries are tied down to the apron strings of advanced economies. Electronics, technological products, consumable products and finished goods are the main items of import for developing countries. The costs for importing these finished goods are more costly when compared with the amounts that are paid for exports of primary goods and raw materials from developing countries. The inequalities in the pricing regime in the international market are unfavorable for developing countries. This variable contributes to the foreign reserves of developing countries. Invariably, it affects the values of currency and its exchange rate. The monetary values of developing countries are weak when compared with those of vibrant economies. Inflation affects the economic growth and development of developing countries. In a situation where there is much money in the economy pursuing little goods in the economy, this situation leads to increase in inflation rate. Inflation reduces the purchasing power of people in a given economy. This weakens the value and use of money as a medium of exchange (especially in a galloping inflationary situation). To Ogbokor (2004), â€Å"Inflation, in a developing country, encourages inventory accumulation in the form of raw material, excessive investment in merchandise building and landed property. As a result, capital is prevented from being utilized for projects required for economic growth†. The implication of information in developing countries is that there brings about dearth of infrastructural amenities and the reduction of purchasing power of people for embracing a meaningful living. Financial institutions in developing countries, such as in Africa, are highly underdeveloped culminating in lack of depth financial consolidation, extensive inefficiency and over populated urban areas. The stock exchange markets in African countries are still in their embryonic state. They are just beginning to gain ground. In recent times, the Nigerian Stock exchange market (NSE) is making progressive growth in capitalization and growth in stock indexes. The growth in the Nigerian market especially in 2007 financial operation year in the public reform policy taken in the country’s financial sector has aided the stock exchange market in the country. In 2005, the consolidation of the Nigerian banking sector through the recapitalization has brought great improvement in the banking sector and financial institution (Njoku, 2006). The great feet attained in the reform, policy has led the government to introduce this recapitalization policy in the insurance sector. In the past the Breton institution, such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank have recommended several medicines for the ailing economies of third world and developing economies. Such measures to embark on a structural adjustment programmed that will involve the devaluation of their currencies, among other measures such as privatization of public enterprises, removal of subsidies on public goods and less government intervention in their countries economies inter-alia. Even though these developing countries have put the structural programmed into use there situation economically still remain the same, sometimes made worst. â€Å"This SAP-induced inflation has resulted in adverse income redistribution, leading to increased personal insecurity and lessened personal satisfaction, while heightening interpersonal and institutional tensions and deterring investment and inhibiting consumer spending† (Anyanwu 1992). MONETARY EXCHANGE POLICIES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES The move to find an appropriate policy for monetary rate for developing countries has being on for decades now. But the volatile capital situation in these category of countries have made it more challenging for finding a lasting solution for the monetary exchange these countries. You read "Exchange Rate Policies In Developing Countries" in category "Papers" In these view, Velasco (2000) argued, â€Å"a significant conclusion that is shared from the volatile monetary exchange rate from developing countries is that adjustable or crawling pegs are extremely fragile in a world of volatile capital movements. The pressure resulting from massive capital flow reversals and weakened domestic financial systems was too strong even for countries that followed sound macroeconomic policies and had large stocks of reserves†. Since the 1970s, the volatile nature of the exchange rate of poor and developing countries is seen to be pervasive; as there are no stable, developed and consolidated financial institutions to peg exchange rate for countries and partners that these developing countries transact international business. The concern here according to Collins (1995) was that â€Å"the market for the developing countries currency were so thin, creating a volatile exchange rate that would be disruptive for economic activity†. The missing link for developing countries for a lasting solution for its exchange rate has being on the lack of a consolidated financial institution and stable economy. This situation for developing countries is made worst during the 1970s and 80s. â€Å"Prior to the 1980s, it was widely believed that operating a competitive floating exchange rate regime required a level of institutional development that developing countries did not possess† (Quirk, 1994: 135). The volatile nature of the exchange rate as recognized in the economy of developing countries is not entirely an inherent cause sometimes the activities of foreign and developed economies. For instance, the emergence of the European currency bloc has aided in rendering the exchange rate more volatile in developing countries. This according to Collingnon (1999) cited in Kawai Takagi (2003) â€Å"has made exchange rates between the three major world currencies more volatile and thereby contributed to the reduction of cross-border investment worldwide†. The economic structures in developing countries in term of its embryonic and underdeveloped financial institutions are contributory factors that are making them have an unstable and unpredictable monetary exchange policy. The explanation for the long run inflationary trend in developing nations, according to the Structuralists, is in terms of certain structural rigidities. These include market imperfections and social tensions in those nations, including the relative inelasticity of the food supply, foreign-exchange constraints, protective measures, a rise in the demand for food, a fall in export earnings, hoarding, import substitution, industrialization, and political instability, inter-alia† (Ghatak 1995). The devaluation of currency of developing country is done with the aim to create a real basis for measuring feasible and accurate exchange rate between imports and exports of transactions in the international market. However, â€Å"the usefulness of real devaluation in stimulating growth may seem self-evident; this view is not uniformly supported either by prior theoretical research or by the experience of countries implementing exchange rate devaluations† (Kamin Rogers 1997). Devaluation of currency of developing countries have it untold hardship and high cost for goods and services. Looking at the devaluation of the Nigerian currency, Anyanwu (1992) argues, â€Å"†¦the continued naira depreciation has encouraged the smuggling out of goods (especially food stuffs) leading to local scarcity and higher prices. It has also encouraged a brain drain, partly in an attempt to reap the benefits of naira depreciation, the remittances from which are mainly used for consumption activities, again aggravating local prices†. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF A FIXED EXCHANGE RATE FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES In recent times, some scholars have conducted research to analysis the use of a fixed exchange rate as basis for structuring the exchange rate regime in developing countries. â€Å"Probity analysis is used to study the determinants of exchange rate regime, build their empirical models around a framework in which the political cost associated with devaluation under fixed exchange rates plays a major role† (Frieden et al 2000). In a fixed exchange rate regime, the government of the developing country directly set the nominal exchange rate. Given the constraints and undeveloped financial institutions in developing countries, the practice of a fixed monetary exchange rate for developing countries is made difficult. The advantage of engaging a fixed exchange rate is to help stabilize a country’s economy. This is aimed at bringing structural change that would integrate the country’s economy into the world economy order in the quickest time possible. This has made currency board of most developing countries to take the move of attaining a fixed exchange rate as a priority that should be attain (Mart, 2004). Before the fall of the Bretton Woods system in 1973, many countries including many Latin American developing countries had adopted a fixed exchange rate regime. The reason for adopting this exchange rate regime measure is to control inflation, reduce exchange rate volatility or to improve competitiveness (Frieden et al 2000). In addition a fixed exchange rate regime tend to enable government of developing countries be disciplined in that they cannot fix any fiscal rate that would be excessive to cause the end or currency collapse. Fixed exchange rate sometimes is used as a short term corrective to harness a developing country’s monetary policy and help it gain credibility. For some developing countries like Poland, Mexico and Vietnam in the 1990s, the fixed exchange rate was utilized as a temporary measure to re-establish these countries policies to gain credibility (Ohno, 1998). Thus, a fixed exchange rate is acceptable in certain circumstances for developing countries, especially where there are unexpected real and financial shocks. However, this should not be permanently used as a measure for operating a developing countries monetary exchange. The flexibility exchange rate is more adequate for revamping the ailing and volatile exchange rate of developing countries. â€Å"In an unstable world economy, they must retain the ability to combine stability and flexibility as circumstances change. For the same reason, currency boards and permanently fixed exchange rates (with no escape clause) are not to be recommended† (ibid). In a galloping inflationary situation in a developing country, the exchange rate policy to adopt is a flexible one that allows currency to float and depreciate. After the tightening of the macroeconomic policies in such a country, it becomes useful to adopt a fixed exchange rate as a measure. As Ohno (1998) puts it, â€Å"As inflation subsides to a more manageable level (say, 10 to 20 percent per year), the fixed exchange rate becomes a symbol of monetary and fiscal prudence and its abandonment becomes politically too costly†. Invariably, it means that the utilization of a fixed exchange rate should come in when the inflationary rate of a developing country is becoming low and at a manageable level. Furthermore, the utilizing of a fixed exchange regime in developing country is significant in the sense that it provides stability of price to local economic agents. This is especially in the case where a country operates an open economy, in which exchange rate volatility may have substantial costs within itself (Frieden et al 2000). As earlier stated a country has the option either to choose a fixed monetary exchange rate or one that is flexible. For developing and emerging economies that want to choose a policy of a permanently fixed exchange rate this can be done through its currency board with it could adopt a common currency (‘Dollarisation’). On the other hand, developing countries can adopt a flexible policy, which according to Taylor (2000) is â€Å"†¦the only sound monetary policy is one based on the trinity of a flexible exchange rate, an inflation target, and a monetary policy rule†. However, the benefits and the cost implication of fixed exchange rates depend on the country and those variables and characteristics it is associated. For instance, a country with exceedingly high level of inflation with the urgently need to stabilize its economy will be beneficial to utilize a fixed exchange rate. â€Å"The higher the rate of inflation; i. e. one below some hyperinflationary threshold, the more a fixed rate will impose competitive pressures on tradable producers and more generally pressure on the balance of payments† (Frieden et al 2000). According to Collins (1995), a government of developing country should opt for a fixed exchange rate regime when it sense and anticipate a small misalignment cost from maintaining the existing peg. In addition, the need for government to adopt a fixed exchange rate is when she believes that discrete nominal exchange rate adjustments have only small political costs, when the government perceived her ability to manage a flexible exchange rate as low, or when the government attempt to stabilize a very high inflation. Third world countries usually are faced with political instability. During period of political instability, the adopting of fixed exchange rate by a developing country is more pronounced (Frieden et al 2000). The drawback associated with a fixed exchange regime for developing country is that an inflation differential between the pegging country and the anchor generates an appreciation of the real exchange rate, which in the absence of compensating productivity gains, hurts the tradable sector and might generate a balance of payments crisis (ibid) THE NEED TO ADOPT A FLEXIBLE EXCHANGE RATE FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES For a country adopting a flexible exchange rate, the government of such country has imperfect control over the nominal exchange rate in its monetary policy. In this case, â€Å"the actual exchange rate is influenced by some shocks both at home and abroad The greater the variance of these shocks the less control policy makers will have over the actual nominal exchange rate† (Collins, 1995). The right situation for a government of a developing state to adopt a flexible includes when it perceives and anticipate a large misalignment costs from maintaining a pegged rate, when the political costs to discrete nominal adjustments are high flexibility exchange rate is conducive in such situation. Furthermore, when the government believes her ability to manage a flexible rate was high, and when the government of the state is not planning to stabilize very high inflation (ibid). In the same vain Velasco (2000), argues, â€Å"If shocks to the goods markets are more prevalent than shocks to the money market, then a flexible exchange rate is preferable to a fixed rate for developing countries†. On the other hand, when every movement in the nominal exchange rate is quickly reflected in an upward adjustment in domestic prices, then the insulation provided by flexible exchange rates is nil and thus not expected to provide a satisfactory exchange rate regime (ibid). Under a flexible exchange rate, the change in relative price quickly takes place, unlike the situation in fixed exchange rate where it changes slowly. Thus, there is advantage for developing borrowing under a flexible exchange rate. A flexible exchange rate gives borrowers an incentive to hedge that may be absent under more rigid regimes† (Velasco 2000). With the advantage that accomplish flexible exchange rate, it is still expected that each developing countries should choose and adapt to its own exchange rate system with respect to common basket. â€Å"Whatever the formal arrangement that is adapted; be it a flexible exchange rate regime or a managed float, the important point is that each country in the region should stabilize the real effective exchange rate at normal times by targeting a common currency basket† (Kawai Takagi 2003). The need for developing countries to adopt a flexible exchange rate is more on the volatile nature of the countries with weak financial institutions. The negative effect of exchange rate volatility for developing countries on trade is more obvious when compared to those of developed economies. Taking on comparison between the difference in exchange rate volatility between developing countries and developing countries, it is seen that work on Pakistan’s exports to Germany, Japan, and the United States for 1974-85 suggests that exports were significantly adversely affected by variability in nominal bilateral exchange rates. On the other hand, the effect of real exchange rate variability on the exports of Chile, Colombia, Peru, the Philippines, Thailand and Turkey have attained the clear evidence of generally considerably negative and substantial impact (ibid). Scholars have advocated more of flexible exchange rate for developing countries than a fixed one, however there are demerits associated with the use of flexible exchange rate. According to Collins (1995), â€Å"flexible exchange rates make it very difficult to alter domestic price and wage setting behavior so as to reduce inflation†. More flexible exchange rate regimes may result in higher equilibrium levels of inflation because they do not effectively discipline central bankers (ibid). CONCLUSION The monetary exchange rate of developing is characterized by a highly volatile and unstable exchange rate regime. Thus, it becomes difficult to adopt a fixed exchange rate regime, given the weak financial institutions in this category of countries. Furthermore, the embryonic state of capital market and other financial institutions in developing country further weakens the currency of these countries. Inflationary rate in developing countries are on the increase thus to stable the economy within shorter period, anticipating a short misalignment costs will be adequate for a government of a developing country to adopt a fixed exchange rate. On the hand to correct, a flexible exchange rate regime is suitable for a developing country in managing its economy currency stability over a longer period. The development of financial institutions and the consolidation of capital and money markets of developing country will aid them to embrace a feasible regime that would contribute to strengthen its currency value and ensure a vibrant economy. How to cite Exchange Rate Policies In Developing Countries, Papers

Duo Singapore Exchange Fellowship Award free essay sample

Application Essay – DUO-Singapore Exchange Fellowship Award First of all, I am glad that to be given a chance to exchange to Germany for my studies in NUS. Germany is a great place with many world-class universities. Through the exchange programme, I will increase the value of my degrees, as study overseas is an evidence of independence, adaptability and a willingness to take on a challenge. The DUO-Singapore Exchange Fellowship Award will definitely valuable and helpful as the living expenses in Germany is quite high. This award will help to reduce the burden of my parents as I will not have to worry about the finances on my exchange. The DUO-Singapore Exchange Fellowship award will certainly create the strongest bond between the students from Europe and Asian ASEM member countries. With the help of this award, I will be able to open my sights by travelling and studying in Germany in the coming semester. We will write a custom essay sample on Duo Singapore Exchange Fellowship Award or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As we all know, education is the one of the pillars linking Singapore and Germany, especially at the university level. I believe that students in Germany will have a great interest in Singapore as the lives in Singapore are a mixture of West and the East, where you cannot find in everywhere else. With the exchange programme and the help of DUO-Singapore Exchange Fellowship awards, I will have the chance the share ideas to the students and lecturers in Germany regarding the new programme in Singapore, which is first introduced in Asia. Besides, as I am now working on a three-year project about the future transportation in Singapore, I may gain some insight about the technologies in Germany through discussion or researches with the professors and student regarding on my project. Being an exchange student, it is not just about personal experiences, but in a bigger context, I am representing my university, NUS and also Singapore. Most of us do not have the opportunity to study or travel overseas often to have a feel of different cultures of other countries. Through the exchange programme, I will have the chance to immersed fully into a new culture and improve my German with the locals through daily interactions. I believe that the precious experience of living in a foreign country must be rewarding and memorable. I hope that strong bond of friendship will be developed during my exchange in Germany and we can freely exchange ideas and views. Representing NUS and Singapore, I will try my best to introduce the background or uniqueness of Singapore since it is a potential place to stay and work here. It is my responsibilities, as an exchange student, to promote Singapore to the people in Germany. It is definitely a life-changing experience to be an exchange student to Germany, but it is only made possible with the help of DUO-Singapore Exchange Fellowship Award.

Measure For Measure Essays - Syphilis, , Term Papers

Measure For Measure References to venereal disease appear as early in the second scene of Shakespeare's Measure for Measure. Syphilis, the primary and most horrible of venereal diseases, ran rampant in Shakespeare's time. By giving a brief history of the disease in Renaissance Europe one can gain a better understanding of the disease which will provide a greater insight into the play which would have gone unknown. This brief history will include, the severity of the disease in fifteenth and sixteenth century Europe, believed origins and symptoms of the time period, and methods of curing or combating the disease.. By reading and analyzing passages referring to syphilis in Measure for Measure it is clear that Shakespeare himself believed in most of the truths established by the poet and physician Fracastor. Fracastor was the primary source and influence regarding studies of syphilis in Renaissance Europe. The disease we now commonly identify as syphilis is believed to have arrived in Europe for the first time in the late fifteenth century. Though there are few statistics from that period available to prove such an argument, there is plenty of evidence that supports that the disease suddenly emerged in great abundance during this time period. It is also believed that syphilis was much more severe then, than it has ever been since. Zinsser writes in his book, Rats, Lice, and History that: "There is little doubt that when syphilis first appeared in epidemic form, at the beginning of the sixteenth century, it was a far more virulent, acute, and factual condition than it is now (Rosebury 23)." The first time syphilis, called evil pocks at the time, was mentioned in print occurred on August 7, 1495 in the Edict of the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian. In this document syphilis was believed to be a punishment sent from God for blasphemy and was described as something "which had never occurred before nor been heard of within the memory of man (Rosebury 24)." Between the years 1495 and 1498 there were a total of nine similar documents that emerged through out Western Europe. In 1530 Fracastor, a poet and physician, published the poem, Syphilis sive Morbus Gallicus, translated "Syphilis or the French Disease." The main character was a shepherd in Hispaniola named Syphilis. Syphilis caught the disease for disrespecting the Gods. At the time Fracastor believed in the previous documents, but would provide his own original ideas concerning how the disease reached Europe. He also alluded to possible treatments, that Shakespeare will later use in his plays. Fracastor used the name "syphilis" for both the main character and the disease he contracted. However, the name of the disease continued to be known as "the French disease." It was not until the 1850's, more than three centuries after Fracastor's poem, that the disease was called"syphilis." Fracastor's poem grew widely popular in Western Europe, and was believed to be mostly factual at the time. It might seem odd that a fictional poem with fictional characters would be widely regarded as truth, but under the extreme circumstances of the sixteenth century syphilis epidemic it makes perfect sense. Syphilis had caused terror in the hearts of the people in the sixteenth century due to its rapid spread. Physicians seemed helpless to cure it. No one could do anything, but believe in what Fracastor wrote. In the poem Fracastor had answers concerning its origin, symptoms, and cure for this new disease. He went along with the common belief that it appeared in the French army before Naples around the year 1495. "From France, and justly took from France his name, (Rosebury 31)." This quote provides the evidence concerning syphilis' former name, "The French Disease." He also discussed how he believed that it originated in America, and was brought back with Columbus and his men. This was the popular view of the day, and many researchers still find truth in it. What Fracastor truly believed, at the time, was that the positions of the planets influenced the outbreak of the disease. He believed that they lined up in such a way that provided great conditions for the emergence of the disease. In the poem Fracastor also states that the disease had very often a"extra-genital origin (Rosebury 34)." An observation he will later discuss further. He also goes on to discuss possible treatments that became popular in the sixteenth century, which also appeared in some of Shakespeare's plays. He recommends to get plenty of exercise, and to avoid wine and fish. He also includes using mercury, a very popular method of controlling

Online Writing Essay Sample

Online Writing Essay SampleWriting your xat essay can be a lot of fun and rewarding if you use the right resources and tools. This article will provide you with some xat essay writing samples that can be easily accessed through the Internet.Xat is one of the most popular writing styles available for students to use. It is also known as 'College-style English' and is a popular style because it is less formal than other forms of English. It is often used at American colleges, where it helps students write essays quickly and easily without much typing. These types of essays are now recognized and used at top American universities and colleges.The best xat essay writing samples you can find on the Internet will come from instructors who are using this style in their classes. These online essays often have captivating sentence structures and are full of descriptive and detailed information. When you look through the xat essay samples, you will often find an instructor actually telling you what format he or she is using in their class. This gives you a sense of what is acceptable and what isn't.Another xat essay writing samples that you can find can be found on sites like Khan Academy. The Khan Academy has many resources available for teachers and students to use. By using these resources, you can learn how to structure your own xat essay without having to rely on older books or textbooks.There are also many sample e-zines you can find that offer writing samples. These e-zines usually come with educational articles written by other people that give good examples of how to structure your own that essay. These are great to look through to get ideas about how to structure your own essay.These are all examples of the types of xat essay writing samples that you can access through the Internet. The real value in using these resources lies in the ability to connect with other writers and receive valuable ideas and advice about how to write a successful xat essay.There are m any different ways to use the resources of xat essay writing samples and these resources are easy to find. In addition, these resources are only available for a very limited time.

Leadership, Its Requirements, Roles and Objectives

Leadership, Its Requirements, Roles and Objectives Introduction Leadership is an essential aspect for the success of any organization in the world. This concept has been in existence for thousands of years. All through the history of humanity, we have read about great leaders, the influence they had on people and the success that has was accrued from their leadership. In modern history, the concept of leadership has been integrated in the management of various firms and organizations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership, Its Requirements, Roles and Objectives specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These firms have discovered that strong leadership is an essential factor to their success. As a result, organizations have been looking for individuals with desired leadership skills to lead their organizations (Rowe, 2007). Leadership is therefore the process through which an individual gathers and earns support of others through social enlistment so that they can work t ogether to attain certain goals and objectives that have been set (Stogdill, 1989). The achievement of these goals and objectives ensures that the organization becomes cohesive and coherent. As a result, it will be much easier for the organization to achieve its long-term mission, vision, goals and objectives. However, for an organization to achieve all these, it must have a good leader with desirable leadership qualities. This is due to the fact that it is the leader who initiates directs and controls the growth and development of an organization. Therefore, the success of an organization depends on the effectiveness and efficiency of the leader. To inspire his/her followers, the leader has to be, know and do certain things that will enable his followers to work together as a team to achieve the specific goals and objectives of the organization. This can only be acquired through experience and study. With respect to all this, the question as to whether leadership is a transformatio nal process or a form of control always arises. Although they may seem similar in theory, their concept and application is very different.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To understand these concepts, this paper will critically analyze leadership, its requirements, roles and objectives. The discussions and conclusions that will be made shall be used to determine whether leadership is a transformational process or a form of control. The Process of Leadership The process of leadership is applied by putting into practice the knowledge and skills that the leaders have learned through time. This is what is called the process of leadership (Northouse, 2007). It has been disputed for a long time that leadership is an inborn character. However, from the studies that have been conducted, it has been proved that leadership is a quality that can be leaned through practice and experience. However, for an individual to be a leader, he/she has to posses traits and qualities that influence his/her thoughts or actions. This is what scholars refer to as the trait of leadership (Jago, 1982). These include the beliefs, values, cultures and ethics of an individual. These factors affect the manner in which an individual looks at a situation, the judgement that they will make out of it and the possible solutions that they may come up with. With regards to this, there are factors that contribute to the growth and development of strong leadership qualities in an individual. These include personal values, followers support, communication and situational analysis. A leader must contain strong personal values. These values are essential since they portray the kind of leader an individual is, the relationship he has with his colleagues and other stakeholders, his ability to work and achieve the goals and objectives of an organization and the chances of him/her being suc cessful in his career. A leader therefore must have a strong personality, be able to interact with people and be rational. At the same time, a leader must earn the trust and support of his followers. To be a successful leader, one needs to understand the needs and requirements of all his employees, act as a mentor, motivate and reward hard working employees, be honest and fair. In addition, a leader needs to ensure that his employees have a conducive working environment. This increases the chances of them achieving the goals and objectives of the organization (Lamb and McKee, 2004). All these factors will ensure that a leader has the trust and support of his employees. This will guarantee the success of an individual as a leader (Mischel, 2008).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership, Its Requirements, Roles and Objectives specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Communication is an essential aspect for the success of a n organization and an individual as a leader. It is the role of the leader to ensure that his organization has proper channels for communication. To achieve this, a leader has to ensure that information flows in all directions. This ensures that information flows through all the levels of the organization without being distorted. At the same time, the leader will be able to know the requirements and needs of his employees. This will therefore boost the effectiveness and efficiency of the organization and the leader in particular. Finally, a leader must be able to critically analyze each situation and come up with favourable solutions to them. To achieve this, the leader should treat each situation differently. He/she must have good judgement and analysis skills. This will assist in the identification of the problem and formulation of long lasting solutions (Newstrom and Davis, 2003). At the same time, a leader needs to be consistent in the manner in which he/she looks at situations. This will ensure that there is uniformity in the manner in which he/she conducts his activities. As such, the organization will grow and develop in a definite manner (Bass, 2010). All these factors are essential in the making or identification of a good leader. These factors are very essential in any organization. It is the goal and objectives of all the organizations to achieve their goals and objectives. To achieve this, they need to develop, grow and expand their services. This objective can only be realised by having a good leader with desired qualities. Therefore, it is the role of the leader to transform an organization so that it can realize its goals and objectives. There is a factor in any complex system that has the power and authority to control the entire system. Usually, this factor is manpower. Over time, man has had the opportunity to influence many systems in the world. In this day and age, man still has the same influence over many systems and subjects. This rule i s referred to as the Ashby rule of requisite variety (Bateson, 2008).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To put this theory into practice, authority in an aeroplane is under the pilot, in a car is the driver and in organizations, it is the management. This law therefore shows that in every system, there has to be an individual who runs and controls how a system works and operates. This individual is the leader and is responsible for leading a system in a desired direction. The nature of leadership is has been changing drastically with time. Leadership has been in existence for many centuries. To carter for the changing needs of individuals, organizations and societies, leadership models have been transformed. As a result, the leadership models that were in practice several decades ago have become outdated hence cannot produce the desired results in the modern day societies. Due to this fact, several studies have been conducted to come up with means of developing individuals with leadership qualities to meet the demand for leaders in the modern world. This concept has gained a lot of po pularity after the assumption that leadership is an inborn quality was found not to be true (Burns, 2009). The assumption that leadership is an inborn quality made it difficult to select individuals who have the desired qualities to run various organizations. This is because, different organizations have different goals and objectives and as a result, they require individuals who posses different qualities to run and manage them. Due to this fact, researchers concentrated on developing individuals who contained specific qualities that are required to lead in a given situation (Liontos, 2010). This therefore ensured that organizations will be run effectively and efficiently and thus, they will be able to achieve their goals and objectives. However, organizations are dynamic in nature and the situations tend to change. This therefore means that a new leader has to be put in place because of the change in the situation. To solve this problem, scholars and researchers came up with a con cept that made leaders to be flexible in the work and operation. To achieve this, leaders must contain a mix of desired characteristics and qualities that will enable them to work under any situation and in any environment. A given organization is composed of several employees who work to attain the goals and objectives of the organization that they are a part of. They work at the different levels and departments of the organization. To ensure that they operate efficiently, they require an individual who will oversee their actions and ensure that all their activities and operations lead to the achievement of the goals and objective of the organization. John Adair, a researcher in the field of management stated that the needs of the followers are the main reasons behind the essence of leadership (Adair, 1989). Due to the needs of the employees, coupled with the overall goals and objectives of an organization, it is essential to have an individual in place who will brief, plan, contro l, monitor and evaluate the performance of an organization (Adair, 1989). It is the role of this individual to produce a specific outcome within a specified time period. Leadership is therefore essential in the administration and management of any organization (Reisner, 2002). For efficiency, the leadership process is operational at various levels of an organization depending on its structure and human system. On one extreme end, there is strategic leadership that requires the attainment of the vision, mission and objectives of an organization (Rodman, 2006). Here, high quality leadership is required to achieve the specific outcomes of the organization. The leader thus works hard together with his staff to bring the mission and vision of the organization into reality. The leader should therefore focus on creating a working culture that will enable his employees to work together. This will ensure that there are smooth operations of activities within organization. To achieve this, a l eader needs to coordinate the available human effort that is at his disposal to achieve the specific goals and outcomes. He/she should therefore work on maximizing on the strengths of the organization and improving on its weaknesses (Evetts, 2000). Simple leadership models are thus the most effective tools for achieving these objectives. The style of leadership that an individual employs is also essential in ensuring that an organization achieve its goals and objectives. There has been a lot of debate in determining which leadership style is the most suitable for running organization. During the 1960s, Americans came up with a strategy that efficiently analysed the effectiveness of leadership styles (Kanter, 2006). This strategy used the relationship between task and behaviour. According to the strategy, the most efficient leadership style is the one that has a moderation of task and behaviour. This style ensures that the operations and activities of an organization are sustainable in the short-run and in the long run. Another method that was used to determine the efficiency of a leadership style focused on the communication patterns that are present in an organization. Different organizations have different communication patterns. Autocratic, one-way, laissez-faire and multi-faceted are some of communication systems that an organization can adopt. According to this method, an organization with the most efficient leadership style has to have a communication system that allows free flow of information among all the members of staff and embraces democracy. The last method is referred to as the expectation method. According to this method, managers normally contain some expectations from the people whom they lead. In the first theory, managers believe that their employees are not hard working. Due to this fact, they require close monitoring, control and punishment as motivational factors. The other theory states that each individual employee has the potential of performing well. To reach their greatness, they require coaching, training, education and empowerment (Jovanovic, 2011). In practice, both theories are true. It is therefore the role of the leader to determine what type of followers he has so that he can decide on the most effective leadership style that he will use to run the organization. Over the years, there has been a great confusion between leadership and management (Kurtz, 2011). People have been using these terms interchangeably since they do not understand the difference that lies between them. From practice, it is evident that there is a huge relationship between leadership and management. Scholars normally refer to leaders as individuals who show a mix of characters that inspire and emotionally build their followers (Kaplan and Norton, 2006). Managers on the other hand are defined as individuals who obey rules and follow procedures and regulations to achieve set targets or goals while operating systems and exercising cont rol over their subjects (Kaplan and Norton, 2006). At higher levels of an organization, the concept of leadership and management are normally interrelated. This might be the cause of the confusion where people normally confuse these two terms. To differentiate them, management normally focuses on the process of organising, planning and controlling activities of an organization while leadership concentrates on instilling direction, emotional alignment, change and motivation in an organization (Kaplan and Norton, 2006). As a result, leadership is the process that maintains the viability of an organization by ensuring that it is on the track of achieving its short-term and long-term goals and objectives. In addition, proper leadership is a key factor that guarantees the sustainability of an organization in the short-term and long-term. It is therefore a dynamic process that aims at brining change in an organization through transformation so that it can grow and become viable. Leadershi p is therefore the process that influences the followers by guiding and motivating them. To fully explore on this idea, the impact of leadership on followers has been divided into three levels (Kurtz, 2011). The lowest level of leadership is purely professional. Here individuals perform their professional roles individually or as a team. Emotional involvement at this level is minimal as the only relationship that individuals have is that of working as a team. Due to this fact, this level can be said to be purely managerial as it entails the co-ordination of the efforts of an individual with that of his other team members to achieve the goals and objectives of an organization. At this level, the desired ability of an individual can be achieved through education and training. Effective leadership falls at the second level of the hierarchy. This level is much more emotional as compared to the first one. Ability at this level is not learned or trained but rather it is developed through exposure and examination of various leadership models that improve on individual processes and applications. The last level is that of a visionary leader. Here, the leadership process is entirely emotional and entails virtues and qualities such as honesty, trust and discipline. Leadership at this level aims at developing great performance of the followers rather than transforming their hidden abilities. This aims at producing, leading and guiding a group of focused, industrious and talented followers to achieve the set goals and objectives of an organization. Leadership is therefore a transformational process when applied in its most effective way. There is a close link between change and leadership. This link has developed due to the dynamic world that organizations operate in. The needs and requirements of any organization keep on changing with time. These changes normally come about due to shifts in demand and requirements of an organization. To ensure that an organization remain on the track of achieving its long-term goals and objectives, strong leadership is required to ensure that the organization embraces this change and transforms its activities and operations to take advantage of the situation at hand. Leaders therefore need to act as role models, motivate, inspire and gain the support and trust of their followers in order for them to be successful in achieving the goals and objectives of an organization. From this discussion, leadership has been proven to be a transformational process rather than a form of control. Conclusion From the above discussions, due to its nature, leadership has been proven to be a transformational process rather than a form of control. This is because it aims at offering direction, inspiration and motivation to followers. This maximizes their performance hence making it easier for an organization to achieve its vision, mission, goals and objectives. With this realization, organizations have worked hard to ensure that they e mploy leadership styles that will guarantee the achievement of their short terms and long terms goals and objectives. Leadership is also essential as it is used to embrace change within an organization. During the process of change, strong leadership is essential since it leads to the empowerment of the employees and the business as a whole to keep up with the changes that are taking place in the business environment. Changes that can take place in an organization may include missionary changes, operational changes, strategic changes, technological changes and changes in the attitude and perceptions of the employees. Control on the other hand falls under the managerial umbrella that concentrates on organization, planning and control of an organization. It is the role of managers to ensure that employees work according to the standards and requirements of the organization to meet the goals and objectives of the organization. To achieve this, they work within strict rules and guidelin es. Therefore, leadership is ultimately a transformational process. References Adair, J. (1989) Great Leaders. Talbort: Adiar Press Bass, B. (2010) From transactional to transformational leadership: learning to share the vision. Organizational Dynamics, 18, (3), p. 19-31. Bateson, G. (2008) Steps to the ecology of the mind. London: Paladin Burns, J. (2009). Leadership. N.Y.: Harper and Row. Evetts, J. (2000) Analysing change in women’s careers: Culture, structure and Action  dimensions. New York: Blackwell Publishers Jago, A. G. (1982) Leadership: Perspectives in theory and research. Management  Science, 28(3), p. 315-336. Jovanovic, M. (2011) International Handbook on the Economics of Integration:  Competition, Spatial Location of Economic Activity and Financial Issues.  Sacramento: Edward Elgar Publishing Kanter, R. (2006) Men and Women of the Corporation. New York: Basic Books. Kaplan, R.S. and Norton D.P. (2006) How to Implement a New Strategy without Disrupting Y our Organization. Harvard Business Review 84 (3), 100-109. Kurtz, D.L. (2010) Contemporary Management 2011. New York: Sage Publications Lamb, L. F. and McKee, K. B. (2004) Applied Public Relations: Cases in Stakeholder  Management. New Jersey: Routledge. Liontos, L. (2010) Transformational Leadership. London: Sage Mischel, W. (2008) Personality and Assessment. New York: Wiley. Newstrom, J. and Davis, K. (1993) Organization Behavior: Human Behavior at Work. New York: McGraw-Hill. Northouse, G. (2007) Leadership theory and practice. London: Sage Publications, Inc. Reisner,R. (2002) When a Turnaround Stalls. Harvard Business Review, 45 (1), p. 15- 18 Rodman, T. (2006) Market Planning and Analysis. New York: Sage Rowe, W. G. (2007) Cases in Leadership. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Stogdill, R. M. (1989) Stogdills Handbook of Leadership: A Survey of Theory and Research. New York: Free Press.

Characteristics of Deafness and Hard of Hearing

Characteristics of Deafness and Hard of Hearing Often, teachers seek extra support and help in recognizing  the characteristics of deafness in their students in order to better address the specific needs of the child. This usually happens due to certain cues that the teacher is able to pick up about the students language development in class or after a known hearing impaired child continues to struggle in their classroom. A student or child with deafness or hard-of-hearing disabilities has deficits in language and speech development due to a diminished or lack of auditory response to sound. Students will demonstrate varying degrees of hearing loss which often results in difficulty acquiring spoken language. When you have a child with hearing loss/deafness in your classroom, you need to be careful not to assume that this student has other developmental or intellectual, delays. Typically, many of these students have average or better than average intelligence. How to Recognize the Signs of Deafness Some of the common characteristics of deafness commonly found in classrooms include the following: Difficulty following verbal directionsDifficulty with oral expressionSome difficulties with social/emotional or interpersonal skillsWill often have a degree of language delayOften follows and rarely leadsWill usually exhibit some form of articulation difficultyCan become easily frustrated if their needs are not met -   which may lead to some behavioral difficultiesSometimes the use of hearing aids leads to embarrassment and fear of rejection from peers What Can You Do to Help Students With Hearing Loss? Language will be the priority area for students who are deaf or hard of hearing. It is the basic requirement for success in all subject areas and will influence the student’s comprehension in your classroom. Language development and its impact on the learning of students who are deaf or hard of hearing can be complex and difficult to attain. You may find that students will need interpreters, note-takers, or educational assistants to facilitate communication. This process will usually require external personnel involvement. However, some of the basic steps that you as a teacher can take to address the needs of a hearing impaired student include: Many students with hearing disabilities will have some form of specialized equipment recommended by an audiologist.  Help  the child to feel comfortable with their hearing device and promote understanding and acceptance with other children in the class.  Remember that devices do not return the childs hearing to normal.Noisy environments will cause grief to the child with a hearing device and noise around the child should be kept to a minimum.Check the device often to ensure it is working.When using videos,  make sure you use the closed captioning feature.Shut classroom doors/windows to help eliminate noise.Cushion chair bottoms.Use visual approaches whenever possible.Establish predictable routines for this child.Provide older students with visual outlines/graphic organizers and clarification.Use a home/school communication book.Enunciate words clearly using lip movement to assist the child to lip read.Keep close proximity to the student.Provide small group work when possible. Make assessment accommodations to enable a clear picture of demonstrated academic growth. Provide visual materials and demos whenever possible.